“Bean's closeness made a test: is there an alphabet pair under which every known letter moves only a little?”
The statistic is the size of the forced shift, not its recurrence. For every alphabet pair and mode the 24 forced shifts are reduced to circular magnitudes 0-13, and the pair with the smallest largest magnitude is the lead; ten shuffled controls say what chance gives.
A cryptanalyst noticed that several known letters barely move: S becomes R, T becomes V, K stays K. If the whole cipher only nudged letters a little along some alphabet, that alphabet would make every one of the 24 known moves small. We try every alphabet the puzzle's wordsthe puzzle's words A list of 62 words tied to the sculpture: the earlier secret words, place names, the names of the people involved, the words in the Morse code, and the themes Sanborn has named. can build, measure the biggest nudge each needs, and keep the alphabet with the smallest biggest nudge. Random lettersa shuffled control The same experiment run on the carved letters shuffled into a random order. tell us how small that can get by luck.
Words in the margin are defined on the glossary page.
1.1
The method at work
The carved letters go in at the top; the reading comes out at the bottom.
closeness
Bean noticed that on the sculpture's alphabet several known letters sit close to their carved letters. If the key only ever moved letters a little, every known letter would be close.
the bars
Over 184,512 alphabet pairs, the best one still needs a move of 8 places somewhere. Ten shuffled coppers do as well or better, between 7 and 9.
the verdict
The closeness belongs to a few letters of KRYPTOS that sit near each other in both alphabets. No alphabet pair extends it to all 24.
2
Best candidate against the known letters
This experiment produced no candidate: the search ruled everything out before a full text was built. Its product is the bounded negative in section 7.
3
Walkthrough, by hand
Redo the method on a few letters with pencil and paper.
Take the plain alphabet for both message and carved letters, Vigenere.
Position 24 is S, carved R: R is one place before S, a nudge of 1.
Position 25 is T, carved V: a nudge of 2.
Position 23 is A, carved L: a nudge of 11, which is large.
Write down all 24 nudges and keep the biggest: 12 or more here.
Now rebuild the alphabet from a word, say PALIMPSEST, and measure again; the nudges change.
The alphabet with the smallest biggest nudge is the one to look at.
the worksheet: the first steps by hand, on squared paper
4
Worked example, generated
The same steps run by the code on the real letters.
standard alphabet for both message and carved letters, Vigenere: nudge per known letter
pos plain carved nudge
22 E F 1
23 A L 11
24 S R 1 (KRYPTOS letter)
25 T V 2 (KRYPTOS letter)
26 N Q 3
27 O Q 2 (KRYPTOS letter)
28 R P 2 (KRYPTOS letter)
29 T R 2 (KRYPTOS letter)
30 H N 6
31 E G 2
32 A K 10
33 S S 0 (KRYPTOS letter)
34 T S 1 (KRYPTOS letter)
64 B N 12
65 E Y 6
66 R P 2 (KRYPTOS letter)
67 L V 10
68 I T 11
69 N T 6
70 C M 10
71 L Z 12
72 O F 9 (KRYPTOS letter)
73 C P 13
74 K K 0 (KRYPTOS letter)
5
Hypothesis, for a cryptanalyst
Family, key space, the constraint under test, and the clues it reads.
Bean (knowledge/04-structure.md): the ten crib plaintext letters that lie in KRYPTOS sit within 0-2 places of their ciphertext letters on the standard alphabet, about one permutation in 5,520, and he reads K4 as letter-for-letter with a cipher alphabet near the standard one. A Gronsfeld-like key of small digits, or any system whose shifts are small under the right pair of alphabets, would show as a pair under which all 24 forced shifts have small circular magnitude. Over the 248-alphabet pool squared and three modes, 184,512 pairs, the chance that a pair keeps all 24 magnitudes at or below 3 is (7/26)^24, about 10^-14 per pair; at or below 6 it is (13/26)^24, about 6 x 10^-8 per pair, so a largest magnitude of 6 or less would be a lead and 3 or less decisive. Ten shuffles of K4 calibrate the smallest largest-magnitude. Bounds: complete for this pool; diagnostic, no candidate.
6
Prediction
Written before the run; the result decides it.
The smallest largest magnitude over all pairs is 9 or 10, the same as on shuffled K4. Under the standard-standard pair the KRYPTOS-letter cribs are close, as Bean found, but the other fourteen cribs are not, and no pair makes all 24 small.
7
Method
Build the alphabet pool.
For each plain and cipher alphabet and mode, compute the 24 forced shifts and their circular magnitudes.
Record the largest magnitude per pair and keep the ten smallest, with the shift sequences.
Repeat on ten shuffles of K4.
Report Bean's own statistic, the magnitudes under the standard pair, for reference.
8
Result and bounds
The harness's record: candidates, gates, loss, and the negative result this experiment leaves behind.
0candidates returned
0passed every gate
0/24known letters, best
–lowest loss
nonechampion before
Diagnostic, no candidates. Smallest largest magnitude over 184512 pairs: 8 (BERLIN/alt_vertical / LAYER/columnar beau); shuffled K4 gives [8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 8, 8].
What was searched, as the harness recorded it.
family
small-shift keys under all alphabet pairs (Bean's closeness)